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European music from the 9th to the 15th centuries (Gregorian plainsong and Spanish cantigas) comes prior to the conceptual and intellectual revolution that led to the final development of written music (score writing, written codification of the music). So that music from that era can also be considered as an oral tradition.
The sources of inspiration, both for religious and secular music, were also the popular and folk traditions. Notably this music is also essentially modal.
From an historical point of view, this was a time when artists, merchants, and travelers from the East and the West would meet frequently. Several musical instruments which mesmerize world audiences today are a living testimony of such encounters: the oud, the ancestor of which is the lute, the “tympanum” and the “psalterion”, two medieval instruments which gave birth to the “santur” and the “ghanun”, still practiced in some countries.
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